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What are CSS Units?

CSS units are measurements used to specify the size of elements, fonts, and spacing in a web page. They determine how content is rendered on different devices and screen sizes. Common units include px (pixels), rem (root em), em, vw (viewport width), vh (viewport height), and percentages ( % ).

What is the difference between absolute and relative units?

CSS units are categorized into absolute and relative units. Absolute units (e.g., px, cm, mm) represent fixed sizes, irrespective of the context. Relative units (e.g., rem, em, %, vw, vh) depend on other factors like the root font size, parent element size, or viewport dimensions, making them more flexible for responsive designs.

What are pixels (px) in CSS?

Pixels are the most commonly used CSS unit. They represent a fixed size and are not affected by parent or root elements. One pixel corresponds to one dot on the screen. While they offer precision, they can hinder responsiveness.

What is the difference between rem and em?

rem (root em) is relative to the root element’s font size, while em is relative to the font size of the parent element. For example, if the root font size is 16px, 1rem equals 16px, and if a parent element's font size is 20px, 1em within it equals 20px.

When should you use rem instead of em?

rem is ideal for consistent scaling across elements, as it is always relative to the root font size. em is better for scaling elements relative to their parent, useful for nesting layouts where each element’s size adapts proportionally to its container.

What are viewport units (vw and vh)?

Viewport units are relative to the browser window dimensions. 1vw equals 1% of the viewport width, and 1vh equals 1% of the viewport height. They are often used for responsive typography, margins, or dynamic layouts.

How does the root font size affect rem and em?

The root font size defines the base size for rem. By default, browsers set it to 16px, but you can modify it using the <html> element’s CSS property. For example, setting html { font-size: 10px; } makes 1rem equal to 10px.

What does percentage (%) represent in CSS?

Percentages are relative to the parent element. For example, if an element’s width is set to 50%, it will occupy half of its parent’s width. Percentages adapt to changes in the parent element's dimensions, making them ideal for responsive designs.

How do CSS units impact responsive design?

Responsive design benefits from relative units like rem, %, vw, and vh, which adapt to screen sizes, resolutions, and user preferences. Avoid absolute units like px for layouts intended to scale across devices.

What are the best units for font sizes in CSS?

rem is preferred for font sizes because it scales consistently with the root font size. em is used when you want font sizes to adapt to the parent element’s size, and px is ideal for fixed typography when responsiveness is not a priority.

How are vw and vh used for layouts?

Viewport units vw and vh are excellent for fluid layouts. For instance, setting width: 100vw; makes an element span the entire viewport width, while height: 50vh; makes it cover half the viewport height.

What are calc() and CSS units?

The calc() function combines different units for flexible layouts. For example, width: calc(100% - 20px); adjusts an element's size by subtracting 20px from its parent’s width.

What are the differences between vw and %?

vw is relative to the viewport, while % is relative to the parent element. Use vw for screen-wide responsiveness and % for adapting to parent elements.

How do you convert px to rem?

To convert px to rem, divide the px value by the root font size. For example, if the root font size is 16px, 32px equals 2rem (32 ÷ 16).

What are media queries and their relation to units?

Media queries use units like px or em to define breakpoints. For example, @media (max-width: 768px) targets screens smaller than 768px. Using em in breakpoints makes scaling easier.

What happens when you mix units?

Mixing units can lead to unpredictable behavior, especially in complex layouts. For example, combining vw and % requires careful planning to avoid unexpected overlaps or scaling issues.

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